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مبادئ الهندسة الوصفية

مبادئ الهندسة الوصفية

  • سنة النشر: 01 Jan 1970.
  • عدد مرات التحميل: 502882 مرّة / مرات.
  • تم نشره في: الإثنين , 14 ديسمبر 2015م.

وصف الكتاب:

الهندسة الوصفية هي علم يبحث طرق تمثيل الأجسام الهندسية المختلفة على سطح مستوي مثل سطح ورقة الرسم (أو على شاشة الحاسوب). وكما يقول غاسبار مونج "الغرض الأساسي للهندسة الوصفية هو الإظهار بدقة أشكال ثلاثية الأبعاد بواسطة رسومات ثنائية الأبعاد الخاضعة لتعريفات صارمة". ،في تعريف مونج يوجد أيضا هدف ثاني وهو "استخلاص من الوصف الدقيق للمجسمات كل ما يليها من شكل ومواضع، وبهذا المعنى، الهندسة الوصفية هي وسيلة بحث للحقيقة العلمية وتعطي أمثلة على الانتقال الدائم من المعروف إلى المجهول". تعتبر فرع من فروع الهندسة البديهية، أي تبحث من خلال طرق الإسقاط المختلفة (مركزية،موازية)، بيان العلاقة الهندسية بين كل من النقاط والخطوط والمستويات والأجسام في الفراغ، بهدف الوصول، من خلال البحث العلمي المستمر

site.similarbooks

شاهد المزيد
استكشاف النظام الشمسي
استكشاف النظام الشمسي
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: هنري ماتيوس
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 18.35 AED
مستقبل الرحلات الفضائية
مستقبل الرحلات الفضائية
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: هنري ماتيوس
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 18.35 AED
الحياة في الكون
الحياة في الكون
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: محمد الأيوبي
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 18.35 AED
موسوعة المرأة الطبية
موسوعة المرأة الطبية
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: سبيرو فاخوري
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 55.05 AED
نهاية العالم على مذبح التغير المناخي
نهاية العالم على مذبح التغير المناخي
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: أيوب أبو دية
  • الناشر: دار الفارابي للنشر والتوزيع
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 32.00 AED
البيئة .. في مئتي سؤال
البيئة .. في مئتي سؤال
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: ايوب ابو دية
  • الناشر: دار الفارابي للنشر والتوزيع
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات, علوم النبات
النسخة الورقية 23.00 AED
مصادر الطاقة المستقبلية : الهيدروجين وخلايا الوقود والتوقعات لكوكب أنظف
مصادر الطاقة المستقبلية : الهيدروجين وخلايا الوقود والتوقعات لكوكب أنظف
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: بيتر هوفمن
  • الناشر: دار الفارابي للنشر والتوزيع
  • كل الاقسام: الفيزياء, العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 59.00 AED
الطاقة النظيفة
الطاقة النظيفة
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: ديفيد جيفرس
  • الناشر: دار الفاروق للاستثمارات الثقافية
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 39.00 AED
طبيعة الأصوات
طبيعة الأصوات
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: بيتر ريلي
  • الناشر: دار الفاروق للاستثمارات الثقافية
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 39.00 AED
الدفء والحرارة
الدفء والحرارة
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: بيتر ريلي
  • الناشر: دار الفاروق للاستثمارات الثقافية
  • كل الاقسام: العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات
النسخة الورقية 39.00 AED
القائمة البريدية

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روابط سريعه
قائمة الكتب

جميع الحقوق محفوظة © 2020

MessagesTimelineExceptionsViews24RouteQueries49Models186MailsGateSessionRequest
7.4.33PHP Version251msRequest Duration6MBMemory UsageGET b-{book}Route
    • Booting (98.05ms)
    • Application (152ms)
    • 1 x Application (60.67%)
      152.49ms
      1 x Booting (39.01%)
      98.05ms
      24 templates were rendered
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        Params
        0
        book
        1
        canDdownload
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        similarBooks
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        0
        obLevel
        1
        __env
        2
        app
        3
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        4
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        locales
        6
        direction
        7
        user
        8
        book
        9
        canDdownload
        10
        similarBooks
        11
        __currentLoopData
        12
        category
        13
        loop
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        0
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        2
        app
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        7
        user
        8
        book
        9
        canDdownload
        10
        similarBooks
        11
        __currentLoopData
        12
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        13
        loop
        14
        title
        15
        books
        16
        href
      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
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      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
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      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
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      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
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      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
        book
      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
        book
      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
        book
      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
        book
      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
        book
      • guest.home.book (resources/views/guest/home/book.blade.php)2blade
        Params
        0
        key
        1
        book
      • guest.layout (resources/views/guest/layout.blade.php)15blade
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        0
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        book
        9
        canDdownload
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        11
        __currentLoopData
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        9
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        11
        __currentLoopData
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      • guest.layout.header (resources/views/guest/layout/header.blade.php)16blade
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        0
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      • guest.layout.header.menu.desktop (resources/views/guest/layout/header/menu/desktop.blade.php)16blade
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        11
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      • guest.layout.header.menu.mobile (resources/views/guest/layout/header/menu/mobile.blade.php)16blade
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        0
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        11
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        10
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      uri
      GET b-{book}
      middleware
      web
      uses
      App\Http\Controllers\Guest\Books\DetailsController@__invoke
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\Guest\Books\DetailsController
      namespace
      App\Http\Controllers\Guest
      prefix
      where
      as
      books.details
      49 statements were executed, 14 of which were duplicated, 35 unique18.23ms
      bookmart_bookmart
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        2.2ms/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ImplicitRouteBinding.php:38bookmart_bookmart
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        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ImplicitRouteBinding.php:38
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:788
        • 18. middleware::bindings:39
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:171
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:77
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        620μs/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23bookmart_bookmart
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        • 13. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23
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        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:219
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:176
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        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:681
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        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        300μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        340μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        320μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        290μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        290μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        230μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        320μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        310μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:2
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        270μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        Metadata
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        250μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        290μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        290μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        290μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        260μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        280μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:18
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        290μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:24
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        270μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        • 0. 4883
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:28
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        220μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select `categories`.*, `book_category`.`book_id` as `pivot_book_id`, `book_category`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 4884
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
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        Metadata
        Backtrace
        • 14. /app/Http/View/Composers/LayoutComposer.php:18
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:843
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:681
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        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23
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      App\Content\Models\DataBaseModel
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          array:1 [ "url" => "https://www.bookmart.ae/b-36355" ]
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          []
          path_info
          /b-14611
          status_code
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          status_text
          OK
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          html
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          text/html; charset=UTF-8
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          []
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          []
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            0 of 0   
          array:23 [▶
  "host" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "www.bookmart.ae"
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  "accept" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7"
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